in 2013).7 Four of these points of consensus are: (1) verbal aspect as central to understanding ancient Greek verbal meaning; (2) aspect as a matter of viewpoint, that is, the speaker’s perspective on an action or state, a category semantically different from procedural or actional characteristics often called Aktionsarten or kinds of action; (3) the Greek aorist as perfective aspect and the present/imperfect as imperfective aspect; (4) Greek verbal aspect as important to some kinds of discourse